Bio-Inspired Solutions and Its Impact on Real-World Problems: A Network on Chip (NoC) Perspective

Bio-inspired solutions are used to solve the real-world problems as they are able to resolve the complex issues. Already existing bio-inspired solutions are reviewed in this chapter which solved the complex engineering problems. Moreover, this chapter also discusses the implementation of biological brain mechanism in Network on Chip to address the fault-tolerant issues. Network on Chip (NoC) is a communication framework for System on Chip (SoC). Due to routers and interconnect failure, NoC suffers from faults. Therefore, bio-inspired solutions help us to recover from these faults. The techniques from the biological brain were implemented in NoC as the brain is fault tolerant and highly adaptive. Results showed that bio-inspired techniques are performing well compared to the traditional fault-tolerant algorithms

Effectiveness of Unani regimen in management of over active bladder: An open labelled, single arm clinical study

Purpose: To study the efficacy of Unani pharmacopoeial formulations viz Jawarish Zarooni, Majoon Kundur and Arq e Badiyaan as a treatment regimen in patients of overactive bladder and evaluate its effect on their quality of life. Materials and Method: This open labeled, single arm clinical study was conducted at Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine (RRIUM), Srinagar. Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study after signing the informed consent form. Jawarish Zarooni and Arq e Badiyaan were prescribed orally in the dosage of 7g and 30 ml respectively twice a day along with 7g single oral dose of Majoon Kundur. The duration of treatment was for 82 days. The patients were followed up on first, fourth, eighth and twelfth week. The results were expressed as Mean ± SEM. Symptomatic relief was assessed as percentage change in terms of presence of any symptom at baseline and at 82nd day. Results: Of the 36 patients enrolled 31 patients completed the study. The study demonstrated highly significant results (p<0.001) for nocturia and QOL as measured by patients perception of bladder control (PPBC), urinary incontinence and daytime micturation whereas very significant results were observed (p<0.01) for urgency. Conclusions: The Unani regimen was highly effective in managing the symptoms of OAB as the regimen has an array of phyto-constituents which demonstrated muscuranic antagonism, Ca2+ channel blocking, K channel opening, neuro-protection, neuro-toning and anxiety relieving properties. About 50% of the ingredients of the regimen were Ca2+ blockers. The synergism of these phyto-constituents probably made Ca2+ blockers effective in OAB. Keywords: Over Active Bladder, Ca2+ blocker, antimuscuranic

Potent Anti-Platelet Constituents from Centaurea iberica

New naturally occurring nitrogenous compounds 1 and 2, along with a new dimeric lignan glucoside 3, have been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Centaurea iberica. Their structures have been elucidated through spectroscopic techniques. All the isolated compounds showed significant platelet aggregation inhibition

Sex Determination Using Hand Morphometric Parameters in Individuals from Pakistani Descent

Objective: To identify the presence or absence of sexual dimorphism using hand measurements alone in people from Pakistan. Moreover, to identify the variable that can be better at predicting sex among the rest of hand measurements. Methods: The research involved 122 male and 182 female participants, ranging in age from 18 to 60 years, without any hand deformities or missing fingers. Each participant underwent a set of hand measurements, including hand breadth, which was measured in a linear line from the lateral-most end on the head of the second metacarpal to the medial end on the head of the fifth metacarpal in centimeters. Additionally, hand length measured to be as the direct distance from the midpoint of the distal wrist crease to the top most point of the middle finger in centimeters. Logistic regression was used to analyze six hand measurements on the likelihood of prediction of the male or female gender Results: The logistic regression model showed statistical significance, ÷2 = 19.502, p < .012. The model explained 58.0% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in gender and accurately identified 84.2% of cases. A statistically substantial disparity was evident in hand measurements and hand indices across genders. (P-value=.0001). Conclusion: Our study reveals the presence of sexual dimorphism in hand morphometric parameters among the population of Pakistan. Hand measurements prove to be a reliable indicator for predicting gender in the majority of cases. Nevertheless, relying on a single hand measurement may not yield accurate gender predictions. Instead, a combination of various hand measurements can enhance the overall reliability of gender prediction

Fenugreek seed ethanolic extract inhibited formation of advanced glycation end products via scavenging reactive carbonyl intermediates

Senescence is a natural phenomenon of growing old. It accelerates under certain conditions like diabetes mellitus resulting in early decline of bodily functions, which can be avoided by many claimed functional foods. The present study aims to investigate the anti-aging ability of Fenugreek seeds (Trigonellafoenum-graecum); a common ingredient of Indo-Pak cuisines. Briefly, the Fenugreek seeds extract (FgSE) in concentrationsof0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml inhibited the formation of Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) and fructosamine adducts in Bovine serum albumin (BSA)/fructose model in vitro. The BSA conformational analysis via Circular Dichorism and Congo red assays showed that it preserves secondary structure of BSA in aforementioned model. Although mechanistic studies revealed insignificant lysine blocking ability of Fenugreek by OPA assay, however carbonyl entrapping was found to be 24%, 34% and 42% at 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml, respectively. In vivo model of High Fructose diet (HFD) induced glycation, FgSE treatment in doses of 10, 25 &amp; 50 mg/kg markedly improved Escape latency (p < 0.01) and preserved cognition in Morris Water Maze. Our data further exhibits significant decrease of CML (Nε-carboxymethyl lysine) levels in serum and hippocampus byFgSE treatment in comparison with HFD group. Therefore, we deduced that FgSE prevents glycation-induced memory decline via entrapping the reactive carbonyl intermediates, formed during production of AGEs. Hence, as a promising functional food it slows down the harmful process of glycation and aging associated morbidities